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Understanding Risk Factors

Part of learning how to take charge of your health requires understanding your risk factors for different diseases.

Risk factors are things in your life that increase your chances of getting a certain disease.

Some risk factors are beyond your control. You may be born with them or exposed to them through no fault of your own.

Some risk factors that you have little or no control over include your:

• Family history of a disease

• Sex/gender — male or female

• Ancestry

• Age

• Health — having one health problem may raise your risk of having another (for instance, having diabetes increases your chances of getting heart disease)

Some Risk Factors You Can Control Include:

• What you eat

• How much physical activity you get

• Whether you use tobacco

• How much alcohol you drink

• Whether you use illegal drugs

• Whether you use your seat belt

In fact, it has been estimated that almost 35 percent of all U.S. early deaths in 2000 could have been avoided by changing just three behaviors:

• Stopping smoking

• Eating a healthy diet (for example, eating more fruits and vegetables and less red meat)

• Getting more physical activity

Having More Than One Risk Factor

You can have one risk factor for a disease or you can have many.

The more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to get the disease.

For example, if you eat healthy, exercise on a regular basis, and control your blood pressure, your chances of getting heart disease are less than if you are diabetic, a smoker, and inactive.

To lower your risks, take small steps toward engaging in a healthy lifestyle, and you’ll see big rewards.

Inheriting Risk — Your Family Health History

Rarely, you can inherit a mutated gene that alone causes you to get a disease.

Genes control chemical reactions in our bodies. If you inherit a faulty gene, your body may not be able to carry out an important chemical reaction.

For instance, a faulty gene may make your blood unable to clot.

This problem is at the root of a rare bleeding disorder.

More often, you can inherit genes from one or both of your parents that put you at higher risk of certain diseases.

But having a gene for a certain disease does not always mean you will get it.

There are many unknown factors that may raise or lower your chances of getting the disease.

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How Do I Find Out My Disease Risks?

It is important to talk to your doctor or nurse about your individual health risks, even if you have to bring it up yourself.

And it’s important for your doctor to know not just about your health, but your family health history as well.

Come to health care visits armed with information about you, your children, siblings, parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and nieces and nephews, including:

• Major medical conditions and causes of death

• Age of disease onset and age at death

• Ethnic background

• General lifestyle information like heavy drinking and smoking

What If I Have A Family History Of A Disease?

People with a family health history of chronic disease may have the most to gain from making lifestyle changes.

You can’t change your genes, but you can change behaviors that affect your health, such as smoking, inactivity, and poor eating habits.

In many cases, making these changes can reduce your risk of disease even if the disease runs in your family.

Another change you can make is to have screening tests, such as mammograms and colorectal cancer screening.

These screening tests help detect disease early.

People who have a family health history of a chronic disease may benefit the most from screening tests that look for risk factors or early signs of disease.

Finding disease early, before symptoms appear, can mean better health in the long run.

What Is A Risk Factor?

Risk factors are things in your life that increase your chances of developing a condition or disease.

They can include things like family history, exposures to things in the environment, being a certain age or sex, being from a certain ethnic group, or already having a health condition.

If you do have risk factors, your doctor or nurse will most likely want you to be screened or immunized at a younger age or more often than what is recommended.

Check with your doctor or nurse to find out if you need to have specific health screenings and how often you will need them.

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